Drugs & Preliminary Breath Test (PBT)

Drugs

NHTSA established several field sobriety tests to determine drug use. Eight tests were developed – one leg stand, finger-to-nose, walk –the-line, standing steadiness, HGN, pupil reaction, pupil size, and pulse rate. Officers also consider skin marks, apathy, drowsiness, and hyperactivity. Although the tests are considered good indicators of drug use, their reliability depends on the training and experience of the officer.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact DUI defense lawyer Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr., for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Preliminary Breath Test (PBT)

The preliminary breath test (PBT) is offered at the scene of a police stop to determine motorist intoxication. The PBT is part of the implied consent law, and in a few states refusing to take the test can result in a lengthier driver’s license suspension. Although the PBT result is not admissible in criminal proceedings, it is usually admissible in a driver’s license suspension hearing. Since the PBT is not accurate or widely accepted as reliable scientific evidence, it cannot be used to prove criminal guilt beyond a reasonable doubt; however it can be used to prove civil culpability by a preponderance of the evidence (more likely than not) is a driver’s license suspension hearing.

PBT reliability is significantly influenced by external factors unrelated to alcohol consumption. Depending upon PBT model used, the result can be skewed and inflated by non-tethanol components. The fuel cell PBT is distorted by the presence of acetaldehyde, methanol, isopropanol and n-propranolol. The gas sensor PBT has inflated results with the previously mentioned chemicals, as well as acetic acid, paraldehyde, and ethylene glycol. In most studies performed, the PBT was found to be 60-80% accurate.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact DUI defense lawyer Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr., for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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DUI – Preventing a Police Stop(2)

If you are drinking alcohol, even socially, then you are susceptible to a drunk driving arrest. Therefore, it is essential to know your rights before operating a motor vehicle. The key is taking precautions before driving. The ability to correct minor driving irregularities, which are often unrelated to alcohol impairment, can reduce the chance of being stopped by the police. Regardless of the excuse used for driving erratically, this creates probable cause to justify a police stop, which allows the officer to inquire about the driver’s consumption of alcohol. Consequently, it is imperative to act responsibly before driving so you can prevent a police stop.

Prior to any police stop, every motorist should stock their vehicle with several essential items. Each component is intended to reduce the indicators of intoxication that offices rely upon to substantiate a drunk driving arrest. Since most drunk driving arrests are precipitated by the officer’s initial contact with the driver, it is essential to use this opportunity to present yourself in a non-incriminating manner. In other words, motorists must take precautions to disguise the indicators of intoxication to avoid being wrongfully charged with a drunk driving offense.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact DUI defense attorney Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

 

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DUI – Preventing a Police Stop

Since an accusation of drunk driving is virtually inevitable at some point in your life, the first step is minimizing the factors that trigger drunk driving arrests. Of course, abstinence is the best way to prevent an arrest, but this is often impractical. Most people are social drinkers, and it is perfectly legal to drink and drive. If you are drinking alcohol, even socially, then you are susceptible to a drunk driving arrest. Therefore, it is essential to know your rights before operating a motor vehicle.

The best way to reduce the chance of a drunk driving arrest is preventing the initial police stop. First and foremost, be familiar with the vehicle you are driving. Many arrests are precipitated by erratic driving behaviors due to the motorists unfamiliarity with the car. The person is often driving a friends car, and the irregular driving involves: 1) searching for dashboard switches; 2) stopping too quickly because of unfamiliarity with the brake sensitivity; or 3) driving a manual transmission when they are more familiar with an automatic, or vise versa.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact Sacramento DUI defense attorney Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Robbery

Robbery is the use of force, or the threat of immediately using force, to take money or property from a person. Shoving s gun into someone’s ribs and demanding all of his or her money is an obvious example of robbery, in this case armed robbery. The force can de directed against either the victim or a member of his o her family. For example, a father and daughter are walking down a street one night and are accosted by a robber. The robber threatens to hurt the daughter if the father doesn’t hand over his wallet. This is a robbery, although the force is directed at the daughter, not at the father.

Stealing a wallet from an unconscious person generally isn’t considered a robbery (unless the thief knocked the person out), since the victim doesn’t surrender his or her money in the face of any force or threats. This doesn’t mean that it’s not a crime to take things from an unconscious person; it is larceny.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a criminal defense attorney Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr., for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Legal Definition of Driving

In many jurisdiction the term “drunk driving” is a misnomer because a person does not have to drink or drive to be convicted of drunk driving. For whatever reason, the legal system has curtailed motorists rights to make it easier for prosecutors to obtain a conviction. The double standard of judicial precedent that applies to drunk driving cases versus all other criminal charges is one of the most frustrating aspects of legal defense. Consequently, there are numerous instances where persons are wrongfully convicted of a serious criminal offense even though there was no proof of drinking or driving.

Actual physical control of a motor vehicle is not always necessary for a drink driving conviction. To constitute driving, there is usually a requirement that the driver have sufficient control over the vehicle. Of course, based upon recent interpretations of the law, this is not difficult to prove.

In once case, a motorist and his friend drove into a ditch, burying the car in mud. While making a futile attempt to dislodge the car, an officer arrived and charged the person behind the wheel with drunk driving. Although the vehicle was inoperable and there was no proof the person behind the wheel actually drove the car into the ditch, the court senselessly upheld the conviction claiming the driver had sufficient control of the vehicle.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact DUI lawyer in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Driver’s License Sanction

Most states predicate their motor vehicle licensure laws on one simple legal concept – driving is a privilege, not a fundamental right – so any driver’s license sanction is remedial, not punitive. Consequently, a drunk driving criminal charge is separate and distinct from a driver’s license suspension. For example, despite an acquittal on a drunk driving charge, the department of transportation is still allowed to suspend driving privileges for a drunk driving offense. The rationale is twofold.

First, there is a legal distinction surrounding the definition of punishment. A criminal charge is considered punishment because a jail sentence can be imposed, while a driver’s license suspension is remedial because no incarceration can result. Second, there is a different standard of proof. In a criminal case, the state must prove guilt beyond a reasonable doubt, whereas a civil case only requires a preponderance of the evidence. Despite the cockeyed rationale, this remains the predominate judicial interpretation of drunk driving laws.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact Sacramento DUI lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Inventory Searches

Despite the subtle nuances of privacy interests and constitutional guarantees, most individual rights are nullified by legal technicalities. If the police are able to initiate an arrest, which is allowed for any offense – even traffic tickets – then the vehicle can be impounded and inventoried. The purpose of the inventory is to protect the vehicle owner against theft, but the result is the same-unbridled police authority. If the police discover stolen items or illegal substances during an inventory search, additional criminal charges can be filed against the vehicle owners or occupants. Constitutional protection hinges on the level of intrusiveness. For instance, if the officer inspects every piece of paper in a wallet, it is most likely an unconstitutional infringement. Similarly, if the officer searches every compartment of a purse, a constitutional challenge may be available. Since constitutional rights are specific to a particular case, no all-inclusive rule can provide assurances so consult an attorney to discuss the ramifications of questionable police searches.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a criminal attorney sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Manslaughter & Voluntary Manslaughter

Manslaughter is unlawful killing of a human being by another human being, but without malice aforethought. There are two types of manslaughter: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter is more serious than involuntary manslaughter, and the punishment is accordingly stiffer.

Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing without malice aforethought. Usually there are some mitigating circumstances that justify reducing a murder charge to the lesser offense of manslaughter. A common example of voluntary manslaughter is a killing committed in the “heat of passion” by a husband who finds his wife in bed with another man. If the wronged husband kills before a reasonable person in the same situation would have cooled off, the killing, although still unlawful, is usually reduced from murder to voluntary manslaughter. But if the husband did not act immediately and instead plotted the killing for a few weeks, there would be a good argument that he is guilty of murder because he waited beyond a reasonable cooling-off period before acting.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a Sacramento criminal defense lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Rape

Rape – “unlawful carnal knowledge” – is sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent. As far as the law in most states is concerned, a man cannot be “raped,” although he can be sodomized.

The rapist does not have to use physical force; threats of harm are sufficient. In most enlightened states, the victim does not have to resist the rapist physically, especially where any resistance would be futile and might subject her to more danger. For example, if a rapist wields a knife in front of his victim, telling her that he will slit her throat if she does not cooperate, the woman does not have to attempt to struggle with the rapist. To do so could well mean her death.

Is it rape even if the assailant does not reach climax? Yes. The crime of rape is committed as soon as there is any penetration of the woman’s vagina by the man’s penis. Inserting a foreign object into the woman’s vagina is “rape by artifice.” “Sodomy” is a broad crime covering any forced sexual act that is deemed unnatural, including anal or oral copulation.

If you have been arrested and charged with a rape crime, contact a criminal lawyer in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free criminal defense consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Suppose an impotent man is accused of rape. Can he be convicted of that crime? The old rule was that if he can prove his impotency he would be physically incapable of rape and therefore innocent. But with the development of Viagra and various pumps, previously impotent men are now capable of getting an erection. To prove whether the claimed impotent man was guilty of rape can be proved or disproved by DNA testing. But if the man is truly impotent, then he cannot be convicted of rape. In some states, however, he can be convicted of attempted rape. But those states that require the actual ability to commit the crime as an element of an attempt, he could not be guilty of an attempted rape. But he could be guilty of assault, battery, and false imprisonment.

Historically, a married man could not be found guilty of raping his wife, although he could be guilty of some other crime, such as assault or battery. Today, however, most states have laws that make it rape for a married man to force himself upon his wife when she refuses to engage in sexual relations.

If you have been arrested and charged with a rape crime, contact a criminal attorney in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free criminal defense consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Statutory rape is sexual intercourse with a female under a certain age, usually 14 to 18 years old, depending on the state. A girl under the statutory age is deemed legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse because of her immature years. It therefore won’t help the man to claim that the girl consent to the act. Suppose a man sees a young woman drinking in a bar and naturally assumes that she is at least 21, the legal drinking age. If two of them have sexual intercourse, but it turns out the girl is only 17 (and the state, the age for statutory rape is 18), and the man is prosecuted later for statutory rape, he can claim that he was honestly mistaken about the girl’s age; that he naturally assumed she must have been at least 21 since she was drinking in a bar? At one time, the only defense permitted was that the man was married to the underage girl at the time of the otherwise unlawful intercourse. Mistakes—even honest and sincere ones—were not taken into consideration. Today, however, some states do permit the man to prove that he was honestly mistaken about the girls age if the girl intentionally misled him about her age was reasonable under the circumstances.

If you have been arrested and charged with a rape crime, contact Sacramento criminal lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free criminal defense consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

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Involuntary Manslaughter

Unlike murder and voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter ordinarily is an unintentional killing. The death results from the person’s criminal negligence, rather than from any intent to kill the victim. For example, if a driver speeding down a residential street loses control of the car and runs over and kills a child playing on the sidewalk, that is involuntary manslaughter.

A drunk driver who cases an accident resulting in the death of a person in another car or a pedestrian traditionally has been held guilty of involuntary manslaughter. But some courts have held that when an intoxicated person takes control of an automobile- in affect, a dangerous weapon—he or she acts with reckless disregard for the safety of others and can therefore be held liable for voluntary manslaughter or even second-degree murder.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a criminal defense lawyer in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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