Manslaughter & Voluntary Manslaughter

Manslaughter is unlawful killing of a human being by another human being, but without malice aforethought. There are two types of manslaughter: voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary manslaughter is more serious than involuntary manslaughter, and the punishment is accordingly stiffer.

Voluntary manslaughter is an intentional killing without malice aforethought. Usually there are some mitigating circumstances that justify reducing a murder charge to the lesser offense of manslaughter. A common example of voluntary manslaughter is a killing committed in the “heat of passion” by a husband who finds his wife in bed with another man. If the wronged husband kills before a reasonable person in the same situation would have cooled off, the killing, although still unlawful, is usually reduced from murder to voluntary manslaughter. But if the husband did not act immediately and instead plotted the killing for a few weeks, there would be a good argument that he is guilty of murder because he waited beyond a reasonable cooling-off period before acting.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a Sacramento criminal defense lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Rape

Rape – “unlawful carnal knowledge” – is sexual intercourse with a woman without her consent. As far as the law in most states is concerned, a man cannot be “raped,” although he can be sodomized.

The rapist does not have to use physical force; threats of harm are sufficient. In most enlightened states, the victim does not have to resist the rapist physically, especially where any resistance would be futile and might subject her to more danger. For example, if a rapist wields a knife in front of his victim, telling her that he will slit her throat if she does not cooperate, the woman does not have to attempt to struggle with the rapist. To do so could well mean her death.

Is it rape even if the assailant does not reach climax? Yes. The crime of rape is committed as soon as there is any penetration of the woman’s vagina by the man’s penis. Inserting a foreign object into the woman’s vagina is “rape by artifice.” “Sodomy” is a broad crime covering any forced sexual act that is deemed unnatural, including anal or oral copulation.

If you have been arrested and charged with a rape crime, contact a criminal lawyer in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free criminal defense consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Suppose an impotent man is accused of rape. Can he be convicted of that crime? The old rule was that if he can prove his impotency he would be physically incapable of rape and therefore innocent. But with the development of Viagra and various pumps, previously impotent men are now capable of getting an erection. To prove whether the claimed impotent man was guilty of rape can be proved or disproved by DNA testing. But if the man is truly impotent, then he cannot be convicted of rape. In some states, however, he can be convicted of attempted rape. But those states that require the actual ability to commit the crime as an element of an attempt, he could not be guilty of an attempted rape. But he could be guilty of assault, battery, and false imprisonment.

Historically, a married man could not be found guilty of raping his wife, although he could be guilty of some other crime, such as assault or battery. Today, however, most states have laws that make it rape for a married man to force himself upon his wife when she refuses to engage in sexual relations.

If you have been arrested and charged with a rape crime, contact a criminal attorney in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free criminal defense consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Statutory rape is sexual intercourse with a female under a certain age, usually 14 to 18 years old, depending on the state. A girl under the statutory age is deemed legally incapable of consenting to sexual intercourse because of her immature years. It therefore won’t help the man to claim that the girl consent to the act. Suppose a man sees a young woman drinking in a bar and naturally assumes that she is at least 21, the legal drinking age. If two of them have sexual intercourse, but it turns out the girl is only 17 (and the state, the age for statutory rape is 18), and the man is prosecuted later for statutory rape, he can claim that he was honestly mistaken about the girl’s age; that he naturally assumed she must have been at least 21 since she was drinking in a bar? At one time, the only defense permitted was that the man was married to the underage girl at the time of the otherwise unlawful intercourse. Mistakes—even honest and sincere ones—were not taken into consideration. Today, however, some states do permit the man to prove that he was honestly mistaken about the girls age if the girl intentionally misled him about her age was reasonable under the circumstances.

If you have been arrested and charged with a rape crime, contact Sacramento criminal lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free criminal defense consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

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Involuntary Manslaughter

Unlike murder and voluntary manslaughter, involuntary manslaughter ordinarily is an unintentional killing. The death results from the person’s criminal negligence, rather than from any intent to kill the victim. For example, if a driver speeding down a residential street loses control of the car and runs over and kills a child playing on the sidewalk, that is involuntary manslaughter.

A drunk driver who cases an accident resulting in the death of a person in another car or a pedestrian traditionally has been held guilty of involuntary manslaughter. But some courts have held that when an intoxicated person takes control of an automobile- in affect, a dangerous weapon—he or she acts with reckless disregard for the safety of others and can therefore be held liable for voluntary manslaughter or even second-degree murder.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a criminal defense lawyer in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Suppressing Field Sobriety Tests

Field sobriety tests should be attacked through a motion to be suppress. Defendants are advised to discuss these issues with a DUI defense attorney. According to prosecutors, standardized field sobriety tests are based upon recognized scientific principles, i.e., if properly administered there is a direct correlation between performance and alcohol impairment. The prosecution should be required to fulfill the legal requirements that are necessary to prove the tests are scientific evidence. Naturally, this is impossible because the tests lack foundational requirements for admissibility as scientific evidence and are not widely accepted within the scientific community. Regarding the HGN, your DUI defense attorney should argue that the foundational requirements were not legally satisfied for the test to be used as scientific evidence. DUI defense attorney should also allege that the officer is not qualified as a medical expert to testify about BAC levels, it is possible to claim that the test does not meet state testing requirements for maintenance, calibration, licensing, etc. Finally, the refusal to provide a field sobriety test should be suppressed and held inadmissible at trial because it violates the fifth amendment right against self-crimination. The sole purpose of the FST evidence is to infer guilt, so requesting a motorist to perform the test is equivalent to having them provided incriminating testimony. Thus, this evidence is irrelevant to the trial and should be excluded.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact DUI defense attorney in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Factors Influencing Test Results

Since field sobriety tests are highly subjective, it is important for motorists to realize that many factors can affect an individual’s performance, such as emotional or physical conditions, rigorous testing conditions, officer bias, or the inherit difficulty to the average person.

Physical Tests – On the physical field sobriety tests, numerous factors can cause imbalance: 1) weather conditions—wind, extreme temperatures or a slippery surface; 2) defendant’s shoes, especially the height and shape, or material of the sole; 3) old age, arthritis, physical injuries or defects; 4) illness, common cold, sinus or ear infection; and 5) emotional conditions, such as nervousness, anger, or other factors that inhibit concentration.

Caffeine – Interestingly enough, caffeine has an adverse effect on test results. The combination of alcohol and caffeine has a greater impact on muscular coordination and accurate timing. Even minor amounts of alcohol combined with caffeine can cause a defendant to fail the field sobriety tests.

Biological Clock – Another contributing factor is the circadian rhythm, which involves the 24-hour biological clocks in humans. Persons are more likely to perform poorly on field sobriety tests at midnight or early morning. Similarly, a person experiencing jet lag will perform the tests less adeptly than usual.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact DUI defense lawyer in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Murder

Murder is the unlawful killing of one human being by another human being with malice aforethought. “Malice aforethought” means in a particularly evil or heinous state of mind. Malice aforethought does not mean that the murder though about killing the victim beforehand or even meant to kill him or her. Rather, malice aforethought includes all of the following situations:

  1. Intentionally killing the victim. One person deliberately, and without legal justification, takes the life of another person—a murder in “cold blood.”
  2. Intending to harm the victim seriously. Doug beats Jerry over the head with a lead pipe, intending only to knock Jerry out, but not to kill him. If Jerry dies of the injuries inflicted by Doug, Doug is guilty of murder. This is because of the likelihood that death can result from a serious injury.
  3. Killing someone during the course of a dangerous felony, such as a burglary, robbery, rape, or arson. For example, during a bank robbery (actually, a burglary), the bank guard draws his gun and is shot and killed by the felon. Even though he was acting to save his own life, the felon is guilty of murder. The felon was committing a dangerous felony and in effect invited this type of reaction from the guard. Committing a killing during the course of a dangerous felony is known as the “felony-murder rule.”
  4. Doing something that has a high risk of death or serious injury, in disregard of the consequences. Suppose Ben shoots into a crowd but doesn’t intend to shoot anyone in particular; indeed, he may not intend to shoot anyone at all. The bullet strikes a young girl and kills her. Or suppose Ben shoots at a passing train full of commuters and kills someone he never even saw. In both examples, Ben is guilty of murder because of the strong probability that his act would kill or seriously hurt someone. This type of murder is called a “depraved heart” killing.
  5. Killing a police officer while resisting arrest. A person who kills a police officer while resisting a lawful arrest is guilty of murder, even if the person didn’t intend to kill the officer.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a criminal defense attorney in Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law – Criminal Defense
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Refusing Field Sobriety Tests

Few motorists realize that they have the right to refuse an officer’s request for field sobriety tests (FSTs). There is no legal requirement that a driver must perform FSTs before or after an arrest. An officer can only request, not compel, a motorist to perform tests. The critical issue is whether the refusal to perform FSTs is admissible as evidence of intoxication. The legal argument is threefold, and only one is necessary to justify a refusal to perform field sobriety tests:

  1. There is no statutory authority that a motorist is required too perform the tests;
  2. The officer did not inform the defendant that a refusal to perform the tests would be used as evidence in court (this may not be applicable in some cases); and
  3. The evidence does not prove intoxication.

Be sure to have your attorney file a motion to suppress this evidence so the issue will be preserved for a possible appeal.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact Sacramento DUI lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law – Criminal Defense
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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DUI – Hand Writing

One type of non-standardized physical field sobriety test is writing the alphabet. In theory, intoxication will cause careless penmanship. Of course, this is also the result of speed, nervousness or the type of writing utensil. An effective trial technique is comparing the defendant’s signature on the night of the arrest with other signatures, such as driver’s license, booking slip, bail receipt or citation. If there is little variation, the evidence of intoxication is diminished. A more risky technique is finding discrepancies in the officer’s signature. The DUI defense attorney should compare the handwriting on the night of the arrest with police reports in other cases. Since the officer was sober when signing these documents, any signature variation is excellent evidence to prove the test is flawed.

Verbal Tests –  There are several verbal field sobriety tests that can be administered. The most common is reciting the alphabet without singing the song; or conversely, reciting the alphabet backwards. Another verbal test is counting backwards between two designated numbers. In some circumstances, test failures are the result of mental deficiencies or inadequate education, and  in other instances the defendant attempts to illustrate sobriety by disobeying the officer’s specific instructions.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact a Sacramento DUI defense lawyer Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law – Criminal Defense
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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Non-standardized Field Sobriety Tests

Besides the NHTSA sponsored tests, other physical and verbal field sobriety tests are used to measure intoxication. Physical performance tests measure balance, while verbal tests measure mental acuity. Although officers typically administer the NHTSA field sobriety tests, sometimes nontraditional tests are used to supplement the standardized tests.

Physical Tests – There are several physical performance field sobriety tests that measure coordination. For example, standing at attention for 30 seconds to monitor body sway. The test is unreliable because studies show that drinking does not significantly affect body sway until nearly three hours after the cessation of drinking. Another example is picking up coins from the ground. This measures eye-hand coordination and balance. Other tests can include rapidly touching the thumb to the tip of each finger on the same hand, or patting the palm of one hand with the palm and back of the other.

If you have been arrested and charged with a DUI, contact a DUI attorney Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law – Criminal Defense
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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DUI – Passenger Rights

The passenger is afforded the greatest constitutional protection and police deference. Since the passenger is often a captive occupant of the vehicle and unable to control their destination, police are less likely to press criminal charges. The lack of control is a key factor when evaluating passenger rights.

If you have been arrested and charged with a crime, contact a DUI lawyer Sacramento Richard Allaye Chan Jr. for free consultation. Call (916) 446-4400 today.

Allaye Chan Law – Criminal Defense
1000 G Street, Suite 220
Sacramento, CA 95814
(916) 446-4400

 

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